Agar tez o‘zgarayotgan ilm-fan va texnika dunyosida kamolotga intilmasangiz, ortda qolasiz
Bu dunyoning ko‘pchilik innovatsion universitetlarini tahlil qilish asosida Reuters 100 chiqargan asosiy xulosalardan biri. Mana ikki yildirki, ilm-fanni ilgari suradigan, yangi texnologiyalarni kashf qiladigan va global iqtisodiyotni boshqarishda yordam beradigan Oliy O‘quv Yurti sifatida dong taratgan o‘quv muassasalari uning ro‘yxatidan o‘rin olmoqda.
To‘liq yoki qisman sub'yektiv tadqiqotlarga asoslanadigan boshqa reytinglardan farqli o‘laroq, Reuters faqat patent talabnomalari va yozma hujjatlarni tadqiq qilish kabi empirik ma'lumotlarga asoslanadi. 2016 yil natijalari shuni ko‘rsatdiki, katta yutuq, bu hatto bitta nufuzli hujjat yoki patent bo‘lsa ham, universitetni ro‘yxatning tepasiga olib chiqishi mumkin, ammo bu kashfiyot zamonaviy amaliyotda qo‘llanmaydigan bo‘lsa, universitetning reytingi tushib ketadi. Universitetlar bo‘yicha ma'lumotlarga qaraganda, bunday ketma-ketlik hal qiluvchi omil hisoblanadi va ko‘pchilik innovatsion universitetlar yil sayin o‘z novatorlik ishlanmalarining yangiligini qo‘ldan berganlar.
Novatorlik faoliyatida eng izchil o‘quv maskani - bu Stenford universiteti bo‘lib, u bu safar ham Reuters 100 cho‘qqisidan o‘rin oldi. O‘n yillar davomida Stenford talabalari va o‘qituvchilari yangi kashfiyotlar va takomillashtirishlarni hayotga tatbiq etib kelganlar. Stendforda bitiruvchilari tomonidan asos solingan kompaniyalar, shu jumladan Hewlett Packard va Google butun dunyoga tanilibgina qolmay, balki mavjud sohalarni tubdan o‘zgartirdilar va mutlaqo yangi iqtisodiyotning poydevorini yaratdilar. Universitetning 2012 yildagi faoliyatini o‘rganish shuni ko‘rsatdiki, Stenford ishbilarmonlari tomonidan tashkil etilgan barcha kompaniyalarning yillik daromadi 2,7 trln. dollarni tashkil etdi, bu hajm jihatidan dunyo iqtisodiyotidagi 10-ulushni tashkil etadi.
Stanford University Main Quad
Bunday katta o‘zgarish qanday yuz berdi? Carnegie Mellonda ta'lim sifati oldingidek yuqori. U hozir ham Qo‘shma Shtatlarning eng zo‘r universitetlaridan biri hisoblanadi, va uning kompyuter bilimlariga o‘qitish dasturi dunyoda eng yaxshi hisoblangan. Ammo o‘n yil oldinga nisbatan bugungi kunda dolzarbligini yo‘qotgan bir nechta blokbaster patenti tufayli 2015 yilda Karnegi-Mellon universitetining reytingi ancha tushib ketdi.
Bunday patentlarning birida yangi bioqo‘shiluvchan polimerlarga tavsif berilgan bo‘lib, ulardan bemorlarni davolashda, yaralarni bitkazishda foydalanish mumkin va bu patentni “ma'lum darajadagi texnika” tashqi tadqiqotchilari o‘zlarining patent talabnomalarida ko‘plab tilga olganlar. Bu patent 2008 yilda 27 ta taqriz oldi, dunyoda hech bir patent shuncha taqriz olmagan edi. Ammo, keyingi yillarda uning ahamiyati yo‘qolib bordi. Reuters metodologiyasi faqat so‘nggi yillardagi taqrizlarni hisobga oladi, 2016 yildagi reytingga ushbu 2008 yildagi patent va unga berilgan taqrizlar kiritilmagan, natijada Karnegi-Mellon universitetining katta kashfiyoti oldingidek samara bermadi. Universitet reyting ro‘yxatidan chiqib ketish uchun hech qanday harakat qilmagan, bu innovatsiyalarning bevaqt tabiati, xolos. Bitta kashfiyot oldinga keskin sakrash qilishi, ammo dunyoga kutilganidek ta'sir qilmasligi mumkin.
Hamerschlag Hall at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Shu bilan birga, ba'zi universitetlar boshqa yo‘nalishda katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdilar. Shu jumdadan, Chikago Universiteti 2016 yilda 71-o‘rindan 47-o‘ringa ko‘tarildi, shuningdek ko‘tarilganlar ro‘yxatiga Niderlandiyaning Delfta texnologik universiteti (73-o‘rindan 44-o‘ringa) va Janubiy Koreyaning Sungkyunkwan universiteti (66-o‘rindan 46-o‘ringa) kirgan.
Boshqa universitetlar ro‘yxat bo‘ylab pastga tushib, tepaga ko‘tarilayotgan bir paytda mintaqaviy universitetlar yil davomida eski tartibda qolmoqdalar. Ro‘yxatda avvalgidek Qo‘shma Shtatlar ustunlik qilmoqda: eng zo‘r 100 universitet ro‘yxatidan AQSHning 46 ta universiteti joy olgan; ikkinchi o‘rinda 9 universiteti bilan Yaponiya turibdi. Fransiya va Janubiy Koreya uchinchi o‘rinni egallaganlar, ro‘yxatga ularning sakkiztadan universiteti kiritilgan. Germaniya yettita yetakchi universitetga ega; Birlashgan Qirollik - beshta; Shveysariya, Belgiya va Isroil - uchta; Daniya, Xitoy va Kanada - ikkita va Niderlandiya bilan Singapur bittadan.
University of Chicago
AQSHdan tashqarida eng yuqori 6 o‘rinda Koreya ilm-fan va texnologiyalar instituti, yoki KAIST turadi. (KAIST instituti Reuters instituti tomonidan yaqinda e'lon qilingan Osiyoning eng innovatsion universitetlari ichida birinchi o‘rinni egalladi). Qo‘shma Shtatlarning muhandislik maktablari namunasiga ko‘ra 1971 yilda Koreya hukumati tomonidan tashkil etilgan KAIST oldiniga xalqaro taraqqiyot bo‘yicha AQSH Agentligining ko‘p millionli krediti hisobiga moliyalashtirilgan. Asosiy fanlarning ko‘pchiligi ingliz ilida o‘qitiladi. Universitet AQSHning ilm-fan hamjamiyati bilan, ro‘yxatda 9-o‘rinda turadigan Yevropaning eng innovatsion universiteti KU Leuven bilan, Flandriya va Belgiyada asos solingan golland maktabi bilan yaqindan hamkorlik qiladi. 1425 yilda Papa Martin V tomonidan asos solingan bu maktab dunyodagi eng ko‘hna katolik universiteti hisoblanadi va uning bugungi kundagi vazifasi - ko‘plab masalalarni o‘z ichiga oladigan va ilg‘or ilmiy tadqiqotlardir. Universitet bugungi kunda cherkovdan alohida ishlaydi.
Sungkyunkwan University
Dunyoning eng innovatsion universitetlari reytingini tuzish uchun Thomson Reutersning IP va fan bo‘limi ishni eng akademik tadqiqotlarni e'lon qiladigan 600 ta tashkilot, shu jumladan ta'lim muassasalari, notijorat xayriya tashkilotlari va davlat tomonidan moliyalashtiriladigan laboratoriyalarni aniqlashdan boshladi. So‘ng ular har bir nomzodni 10 ta turli ko‘rsatkich bo‘yicha baholaydilar va ularni unumdorlik nuqtai nazaridan tahlil qiladilar.
E'tiborli kuzatuvchilar AQSH bilan boshqa davlatlarning universitetlari o‘rtasida ayrim farq borligini sezgan bo‘lishlari mumkin. Reuters agentligining mintaqaviy innovatsion ro‘yxatlarida Osiyodagi ko‘pchilik innovatsion universitetlar va Yevropaning eng innovatsion universitetlari reytingi yuqori. Va ular dunyo innovatorlari ro‘yxatida eng yuqori o‘rinlarni egallaganlar. Universitetlarni nisbatan farqlash vaqt o‘tishi bilan o‘zgarishi mumkin, chunki har bir reyting muayyan mamlakatlar guruhidagi boshqa universitetlarga nisbatan 10 ta ko‘rsatkich bo‘yicha chiqarilgan yakunga bog‘liq; aholida o‘zgarish yuz berganda individual reytinglar ham o‘zgarishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, to‘liq ro‘yxat besh yillik davr davomida Intellektual mulkni himoya qilish bo‘yicha jahon tashkilotiga Thomson Reuters ko‘rib chiqishi uchun 70 va udan ko‘p patent topshirgan muassasalar bilan cheklangan. Mintaqaviy ro‘yxatlarni tuzish uchun kamida 50 ta patent kerak, bu cheklangan geografik hudud doirasida eng faol muassasalar haqida chuqur tasavvur hosil qilish imkonini beradi.
Asosan, har qanday universitetni farqlash, u ro‘qxatga kiradimi, yo‘qmi, uning innovatsion tadqiqotchilari tomonidan qanchalik muhim ish qilingani haqida to‘liq ma'lumot bermaydi. Chunki innovatsiyalarga qarab farqlash institutsional darajada olib boriladi, bunda o‘ta muhim innovatsion bo‘limlar va dasturlar e'tibordan chetda qolishi mumkin: universitetumumiy innovatsiyalar bo‘yicha past reytingga ega bo‘lishi, ammo unda haligacha, masalan, tibbiyot sohasida dunyodagi eng yaxshi tadqiqotchi va olim ishlayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin. Shuni esdan chiqarmaslik kerakki, universitet ro‘yxatning tepa qismidami, yoki past qismidami, eng muhimi u dunyoning TOP-100 ro‘yxatidan o‘rin olganligi. Bu universitetlarning hammasi noyob tadqiqotlar olib boradi, foydali texnologiyalar yaratadi va dunyo iqtisodiyotini rag‘batlantiradi.
Manba: ingliz tilidagi Reuters Top 100.
2016 RANKINGS тадқиқотлари натижалари бўйича 100 та энг яхги университет
1 | Stanford University | USA |
2 | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) | |
3 | Harvard University | |
4 | University of Texas System | |
5 | University of Washington | USA |
6 | KAIST | South Korea |
7 | University of Michigan System | USA |
8 | University of Pennsylvania | USA |
9 | KU Leuven | Belgium |
10 | Northwestern University | USA |
11 | Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH) | South Korea |
12 | Imperial College London | United Kingdom |
13 | University of Wisconsin System | USA |
14 | Duke University | USA |
15 | University of California System | USA |
16 | University of Tokyo | Japan |
17 | University of Southern California | USA |
18 | Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne | Switzerland |
19 | University of Cambridge | United Kingdom |
20 | Vanderbilt University | USA |
21 | Osaka University | Japan |
22 | University of Illinois System | USA |
23 | Johns Hopkins University | USA |
24 | Georgia Institute of Technology | USA |
25 | Ohio State University | USA |
26 | Cornell University | USA |
27 | University of Oxford | United Kingdom |
28 | California Institute of Technology | USA |
29 | Kyoto University | Japan |
30 | Seoul National University | South Korea |
31 | Tohoku University | Japan |
32 | Princeton University | USA |
33 | Purdue University System | USA |
34 | Tufts University | USA |
35 | Oregon Health & Science University | USA |
36 | University of North Carolina System | USA |
37 | Indiana University System | USA |
38 | Technical University of Munich | Germany |
39 | University of Pittsburgh | USA |
40 | University of Utah | USA |
41 | Boston University | USA |
42 | Columbia University | USA |
43 | Tokyo Institute of Technology | Japan |
44 | Delft University of Technology | Netherlands |
45 | University of Colorado System | USA |
46 | Sungkyunkwan University | South Korea |
47 | University of Chicago | USA |
48 | Keio University | Japan |
49 | University of Erlangen Nuremberg | Germany |
50 | University of British Columbia | Canada |
51 | Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich | Switzerland |
52 | University of Massachusetts System | USA |
53 | Technical University of Denmark | Denmark |
54 | Yale University | USA |
55 | Yonsei University | South Korea |
56 | Emory University | USA |
57 | University of Toronto | Canada |
58 | University of Zurich | Switzerland |
59 | Technion Israel Institute of Technology | Israel |
60 | Pierre & Marie Curie University - Paris 6 | France |
61 | University of Munich | Germany |
62 | State University System of Florida | USA |
63 | University of Arizona and Board of Regents | USA |
64 | National University of Singapore | Singapore |
65 | University of Minnesota System | USA |
66 | Tsinghua University | China |
67 | Baylor College of Medicine | USA |
68 | Hanyang University | South Korea |
69 | Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology | South Korea |
70 | Peking University | China |
71 | University of London | United Kingdom |
72 | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai | USA |
73 | Korea University | South Korea |
74 | Ghent University | Belgium |
75 | University of Copenhagen | Denmark |
76 | University of Rochester | USA |
77 | University of Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 | France |
78 | University of Paris Sud - Paris XI | France |
79 | Kyushu University | Japan |
80 | State University of New York (SUNY) System | USA |
81 | University System of Maryland | USA |
82 | Dresden University of Technology | Germany |
83 | University of Montpellier | France |
84 | University of Alabama System | USA |
85 | Case Western Reserve University | USA |
86 | University of Freiburg | Germany |
87 | University of Manchester | United Kingdom |
88 | University of Paris Descartes - Paris V | France |
89 | Tel Aviv University | Israel |
90 | Nagoya University | Japan |
91 | Rutgers State University | USA |
92 | Free University of Berlin | Germany |
93 | Grenoble Alpes University | France |
94 | Hebrew University of Jerusalem | Israel |
95 | Hokkaido University | Japan |
96 | University of Strasbourg | France |
97 | University of Aix-Marseille | France |
98 | University Libre Brussels | Belgium |
99 | Ruprecht Karl University Heidelberg | Germany |
100 | University of Virginia | USA |